Peer reviewed article 2018 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div><!-- .entry-content --> <footer class="entry-footer"> </footer><!-- .entry-footer --> </div> </article><!-- #post-## --> </main><!-- #main --> </div><!-- #primary --> </div><!-- .tg-container --> </div><!-- #content --> <footer id="colophon" class="footer-layout site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div id="top-footer"> <div class="tg-container"> <div class="tg-column-wrapper"> <div class="tg-column-1 footer-block"> <section id="text-17" class="widget widget_text"><h3 class="widget-title">Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée (LOA)</h3> <div class="textwidget"><p>181 Chemin de la Hunière<br /> 91762 PALAISEAU cedex, FRANCE<br /> Phone : +33 (0)1 69 31 97 09</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="bottom-footer"> <div class="tg-container"> <div class="copyright"> <span class="copyright-text"> Copyright © 2025 <a href="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/">Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée</a> All rights reserved. Theme: <a href="https://themegrill.com/themes/flash/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Flash</a> by ThemeGrill. Powered by <a href="https://wordpress.org/"target="_blank" rel="nofollow">WordPress</a> </span> </div><!-- .copyright --> </div> </div> </footer><!-- #colophon --> <a href="#masthead" id="scroll-up"><i class="fa fa-chevron-up"></i></a> </div><!-- #page --> <script type="speculationrules"> {"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/wp-*.php","\/wp-admin\/*","\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/wp-content\/*","\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/wp-content\/themes\/flash\/*","\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]} </script> <script> const lazyloadRunObserver = () => { const lazyloadBackgrounds = document.querySelectorAll( `.e-con.e-parent:not(.e-lazyloaded)` ); const lazyloadBackgroundObserver = new IntersectionObserver( ( entries ) => { entries.forEach( ( entry ) => { if ( entry.isIntersecting ) { let lazyloadBackground = entry.target; if( lazyloadBackground ) { lazyloadBackground.classList.add( 'e-lazyloaded' ); } lazyloadBackgroundObserver.unobserve( entry.target ); } }); }, { rootMargin: '200px 0px 200px 0px' } ); lazyloadBackgrounds.forEach( ( lazyloadBackground ) => { lazyloadBackgroundObserver.observe( lazyloadBackground ); } ); }; const events = [ 'DOMContentLoaded', 'elementor/lazyload/observe', ]; events.forEach( ( event ) => { document.addEventListener( event, lazyloadRunObserver ); } ); </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-nav-menu-css' href='https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/widget-nav-menu.min.css?ver=3.28.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-image-css' href='https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-image.min.css?ver=3.28.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='e-sticky-css' href='https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/modules/sticky.min.css?ver=3.28.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/datepicker.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ jQuery(function(jQuery){jQuery.datepicker.setDefaults({"closeText":"Close","currentText":"Today","monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Previous","dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"dateFormat":"d MM yy","firstDay":1,"isRTL":false});}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/modern-events-calendar/assets/js/jquery.typewatch.js?ver=6.2.0" id="mec-typekit-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/modern-events-calendar/assets/packages/featherlight/featherlight.js?ver=6.2.0" id="featherlight-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/modern-events-calendar/assets/packages/select2/select2.full.min.js?ver=6.2.0" id="mec-select2-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/modern-events-calendar/assets/packages/tooltip/tooltip.js?ver=6.2.0" id="mec-tooltip-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/modern-events-calendar/assets/packages/lity/lity.min.js?ver=6.2.0" id="mec-lity-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/modern-events-calendar/assets/packages/colorbrightness/colorbrightness.min.js?ver=6.2.0" id="mec-colorbrightness-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/modern-events-calendar/assets/packages/owl-carousel/owl.carousel.min.js?ver=6.2.0" id="mec-owl-carousel-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="pll_cookie_script-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ (function() { var expirationDate = new Date(); expirationDate.setTime( expirationDate.getTime() + 31536000 * 1000 ); document.cookie = "pll_language=en; expires=" + expirationDate.toUTCString() + "; path=/; secure; SameSite=Lax"; }()); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/flash/js/jquery.sticky.min.js?ver=e10b4a1b0b57f94456515aadf4296e3f" id="sticky-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/flash/js/jquery.nav.min.js?ver=e10b4a1b0b57f94456515aadf4296e3f" id="nav-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/flash/js/flash.min.js?ver=e10b4a1b0b57f94456515aadf4296e3f" id="flash-custom-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/flash/js/navigation.min.js?ver=e10b4a1b0b57f94456515aadf4296e3f" id="flash-navigation-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/themes/flash/js/skip-link-focus-fix.js?ver=20151215" id="flash-skip-link-focus-fix-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-statistics-tracker-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var WP_Statistics_Tracker_Object = {"requestUrl":"https:\/\/loa.ensta-paris.fr\/wp-json\/wp-statistics\/v2","ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/loa.ensta-paris.fr\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","hitParams":{"wp_statistics_hit":1,"source_type":"post","source_id":1849,"search_query":"","signature":"8cf76466cda52daad1e90cb03562c799","endpoint":"hit"},"onlineParams":{"wp_statistics_hit":1,"source_type":"post","source_id":1849,"search_query":"","signature":"8cf76466cda52daad1e90cb03562c799","endpoint":"online"},"option":{"userOnline":"1","consentLevel":"","dntEnabled":"","bypassAdBlockers":"","isWpConsentApiActive":false,"trackAnonymously":false,"isPreview":false},"jsCheckTime":"60000","isLegacyEventLoaded":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/wp-statistics/assets/js/tracker.js?ver=14.13.4" id="wp-statistics-tracker-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/lib/smartmenus/jquery.smartmenus.min.js?ver=1.2.1" id="smartmenus-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/lib/sticky/jquery.sticky.min.js?ver=3.28.4" id="e-sticky-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/webpack-pro.runtime.min.js?ver=3.28.4" id="elementor-pro-webpack-runtime-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/webpack.runtime.min.js?ver=3.28.4" id="elementor-webpack-runtime-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/frontend-modules.min.js?ver=3.28.4" id="elementor-frontend-modules-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="elementor-pro-frontend-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ElementorProFrontendConfig = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/loa.ensta-paris.fr\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"92b2cc8fad","urls":{"assets":"https:\/\/loa.ensta-paris.fr\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/assets\/","rest":"https:\/\/loa.ensta-paris.fr\/wp-json\/"},"settings":{"lazy_load_background_images":true},"popup":{"hasPopUps":false},"shareButtonsNetworks":{"facebook":{"title":"Facebook","has_counter":true},"twitter":{"title":"Twitter"},"linkedin":{"title":"LinkedIn","has_counter":true},"pinterest":{"title":"Pinterest","has_counter":true},"reddit":{"title":"Reddit","has_counter":true},"vk":{"title":"VK","has_counter":true},"odnoklassniki":{"title":"OK","has_counter":true},"tumblr":{"title":"Tumblr"},"digg":{"title":"Digg"},"skype":{"title":"Skype"},"stumbleupon":{"title":"StumbleUpon","has_counter":true},"mix":{"title":"Mix"},"telegram":{"title":"Telegram"},"pocket":{"title":"Pocket","has_counter":true},"xing":{"title":"XING","has_counter":true},"whatsapp":{"title":"WhatsApp"},"email":{"title":"Email"},"print":{"title":"Print"},"x-twitter":{"title":"X"},"threads":{"title":"Threads"}},"facebook_sdk":{"lang":"en_US","app_id":""},"lottie":{"defaultAnimationUrl":"https:\/\/loa.ensta-paris.fr\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/modules\/lottie\/assets\/animations\/default.json"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=3.28.4" id="elementor-pro-frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="elementor-frontend-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var elementorFrontendConfig = {"environmentMode":{"edit":false,"wpPreview":false,"isScriptDebug":false},"i18n":{"shareOnFacebook":"Share on Facebook","shareOnTwitter":"Share on Twitter","pinIt":"Pin it","download":"Download","downloadImage":"Download image","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","zoom":"Zoom","share":"Share","playVideo":"Play Video","previous":"Previous","next":"Next","close":"Close","a11yCarouselPrevSlideMessage":"Previous slide","a11yCarouselNextSlideMessage":"Next slide","a11yCarouselFirstSlideMessage":"This is the first slide","a11yCarouselLastSlideMessage":"This is the last slide","a11yCarouselPaginationBulletMessage":"Go to slide"},"is_rtl":false,"breakpoints":{"xs":0,"sm":480,"md":768,"lg":1025,"xl":1440,"xxl":1600},"responsive":{"breakpoints":{"mobile":{"label":"Mobile Portrait","value":767,"default_value":767,"direction":"max","is_enabled":true},"mobile_extra":{"label":"Mobile Landscape","value":880,"default_value":880,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"tablet":{"label":"Tablet Portrait","value":1024,"default_value":1024,"direction":"max","is_enabled":true},"tablet_extra":{"label":"Tablet Landscape","value":1200,"default_value":1200,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"laptop":{"label":"Laptop","value":1366,"default_value":1366,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"widescreen":{"label":"Widescreen","value":2400,"default_value":2400,"direction":"min","is_enabled":false}},"hasCustomBreakpoints":false},"version":"3.28.4","is_static":false,"experimentalFeatures":{"additional_custom_breakpoints":true,"e_local_google_fonts":true,"theme_builder_v2":true,"editor_v2":true,"home_screen":true},"urls":{"assets":"https:\/\/loa.ensta-paris.fr\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/loa.ensta-paris.fr\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uploadUrl":"https:\/\/loa.ensta-paris.fr\/wp-content\/uploads"},"nonces":{"floatingButtonsClickTracking":"17b764c788"},"swiperClass":"swiper","settings":{"page":[],"editorPreferences":[]},"kit":{"active_breakpoints":["viewport_mobile","viewport_tablet"],"global_image_lightbox":"yes","lightbox_enable_counter":"yes","lightbox_enable_fullscreen":"yes","lightbox_enable_zoom":"yes","lightbox_enable_share":"yes","lightbox_title_src":"title","lightbox_description_src":"description"},"post":{"id":1849,"title":"Peer%20reviewed%20article%202018%20%E2%80%93%20Laboratoire%20d%27Optique%20Appliqu%C3%A9e","excerpt":"","featuredImage":false}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=3.28.4" id="elementor-frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://loa.ensta-paris.fr/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/elements-handlers.min.js?ver=3.28.4" id="pro-elements-handlers-js"></script> <script type='text/javascript'> (function() { 'use strict'; /** * Listen to the global player events. */ window.addEventListener( 'message', function( event ) { if ( event.origin != window.location.origin ) { return false; } if ( ! event.data.hasOwnProperty( 'message' ) ) { return false; } const iframes = document.querySelectorAll( '.aiovg-player iframe' ); for ( let i = 0; i < iframes.length; i++ ) { const iframe = iframes[ i ]; if ( event.source == iframe.contentWindow ) { continue; } if ( event.data.message == 'aiovg-cookie-consent' ) { const src = iframe.src; if ( src.indexOf( 'nocookie=1' ) == -1 ) { const url = new URL( src ); const searchParams = url.searchParams; searchParams.set( 'nocookie', 1 ); url.search = searchParams.toString(); iframe.src = url.toString(); } } if ( event.data.message == 'aiovg-video-playing' ) { iframe.contentWindow.postMessage({ message: 'aiovg-video-pause' }, window.location.origin ); } } }); })(); </script> </body> </html> <!-- Cached by WP-Optimize - https://getwpo.com - Last modified: 6 May 2025 16 h 35 min (Europe/Paris UTC:2) -->
